|
Lorenz, Konrad
|
(1903-89)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Lorenzo de' Medici
|
(1449-1492)
|
Italian
|
Florentine ruler. He was a somewhat parsimonious but important patron of the arts.
|
1
|
|
Lotze, Rudolf
|
(1817-81)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Louis IX, St.
|
(1214-70)
|
|
|
3
|
|
Louis XIV
|
(1638-1715)
|
French
|
The "Sun King." He personified power, splendor, and selfishness.
|
2
|
|
Lovejoy, Arthur
|
(1873-1963)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Lovelock, James
|
(1919- )
|
|
|
1
|
|
Loyola, Ignatius of, St.
|
(1491 or 1495-1556)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Lucaris, Cyril
|
(1572-1638)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Lucas, F. L.
|
(1894-1967)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Luce, Clare
|
(1903-87)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Luce, Henry
|
(1898-1967)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Lucretia
|
(6th-c BCE)
|
Roman
|
Wife. She was raped, then committed suicide.
|
1
|
|
Lucretius
|
(1st-c BCE)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Lucullus, Lucius
|
(c.110-57 BCE)
|
Roman
|
General. He became a symbol of wealth and luxury. The word lucullan is derived from him.
|
1
|
|
Ludwig II
|
(1845-1886)
|
Bavarian
|
King. He became a symbol of baroque excess before succumbing to madness.
|
2
|
|
Lukacs, Georg
|
(1885-1971)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Luke, St.
|
(1st-c)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Luria, Alexander
|
(1902-77)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Luther,Martin
|
(1483-1546)
|
|
|
3
|
|
Luxemburg, Rosa
|
(1871-1919)
|
German
|
Communist revolutionary. She co-founded the German Communist party and was killed in the "Spartacus" uprising.
|
1
|
|
Lycurgus
|
(c.7th-c Bc)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Lydgate, John
|
(c.1370-c.1451)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Lynd, Helen
|
(1894-1982)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Lynd, Robert
|
(1892-1970)
|
|
|
1
|
|
MacArthur, Douglas
|
(1880-1964)
|
American
|
General. He was brilliant, but also the epitome of vanity, ego, and self-glorification.
|
2
|
|
Macaulay, Thomas
|
(1800-59)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Macbeth
|
(c.1005-1057)
|
Scottish
|
King, Shakespeare made him the ultimate example of misdirected ambition and weakness.
|
2
|
|
Macdonald, Flora
|
(1722-90)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Machiavelli, Niccolo
|
(1469-1527)
|
|
|
3
|
|
MacKinnon, Catharine
|
(1946- )
|
|
|
1
|
|
MacKinnon, Donald
|
(1913-1994)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Maclean, Donald
|
(1913-83)
|
|
|
1
|
|
MacSwiney, Terence
|
(1879-1920)
|
Irish
|
Irish nationalist. He died of a hunger strike.
|
1
|
|
Madhva
|
(14th-c)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Madonna
|
(1958- )
|
English
|
Pop singer. She came to represent a "low" and commercialized culture.
|
1
|
|
Maecenas, Gaius
|
(?-8 BCE)
|
Roman
|
Politician. As patron of Horace, he came to embody patronage of the arts.
|
2
|
|
Magnani, Anna
|
(1908-1973)
|
Italian
|
Actress. She exemplified life as pure passion.
|
2
|
|
Magoun, Horace
|
(1907- )
|
|
|
1
|
|
Mailer, Norman
|
(1923- )
|
|
|
1
|
|
Maimonides, Moses
|
(1138-1204)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Maintenon, Francoise
|
(1635-1719)
|
French
|
Wife of Louis XIV, she was a power at the greatest court in Europe.
|
1
|
|
Malamud, Bernard
|
(1914-1986)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Malatesta, Enrico
|
(1853-1932)
|
Italian
|
Anarchist and revolutionary. He was repeatedly sentenced to death, but lived.
|
2
|
|
Malcolm X
|
(1925-65)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Malebranche, Nicolas
|
(1638-1715)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Malherbe, Francois de
|
(1555-1628)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Malory, Sir Thomas
|
(?-1471)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Malthus, Thomas
|
(1766-1834)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Manasseh
|
(7th-c BC)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Manasseh ben Israel
|
(1604-57)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Mandela, Nelson
|
(1918- )
|
|
|
2
|
|
Mandeville, Jehan de
|
(14th-c)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Manichaeus
|
(c.215-276)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Mann, Horace
|
(1796-1859)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Manning, Henry
|
(1808-92)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Manson, Charles
|
(1934- )
|
American
|
Murderer.
|
1
|
|
Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)
|
(1893-1976)
|
Chinese
|
Communist dictator. He was also a mass murderer on an enormous scale.
|
3
|
|
Marat, Jean
|
(1743-1793)
|
French
|
A leader of the French Revolution. He was stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday.
|
2
|
|
Marcel, Gabriel
|
(1889-1973)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Marcion
|
(c.100-c.165)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Marcos, Ferdinand
|
(1917-1989)
|
Philppine
|
President. He stole immense sums. His wife Imelda became infamous for owning thousands of shoes.
|
1
|
|
Marcuse, Herbert
|
(1898-1979)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Margaret of Angouleme
|
(1492-1549)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Marianus Scotus
|
(1028-c.1083)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Marinetti, Filippo
|
(1876-1944)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Maritain, Jacques
|
(1882-1973)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Mark,St.
|
(fl.1st-c)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Marquand, J.P.
|
(1893-1960)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Marsh, O. C.
|
(1831-99)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Marshall, George
|
(1880-1959)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Marshall, Thurgood
|
(1908-93)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Marshall,John
|
(1755-1835)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Marsilius of Padua
|
(c.1275-c.1342)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Martial
|
(c.40-c.104)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Martin de Porres, St.
|
(1579-1639)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Martin, Richard
|
(1754-1834)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Martineau, Harriet
|
(1802-76)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Martinet, Jean
|
(?-1672)
|
French
|
Military officer. His discipline was excessive and gave rise to the word martinet.
|
1
|
|
Marx, Chico
|
(1891-1961)
|
American
|
Comedian. He was an exemplar of the zany.
|
2
|
|
Marx, Groucho
|
(1895-1977)
|
American
|
Comedian. He was an exemplar of the zany with a pseudo intellectual twist.
|
2
|
|
Marx, Harpo
|
(1893-1961)
|
American
|
Comedian. He was an exemplar of the zany at its purest.
|
2
|
|
Marx, Karl
|
(1818-83)
|
|
|
3
|
|
Marx, Zeppo
|
(1901-1979)
|
American
|
Comedian. He was the "straight man."
|
2
|
|
Mary
|
(?-c.63)
|
|
|
3
|
|
Mary I, Tudor
|
(1516-58)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Masharn, Lady Abigail
|
(?-1734)
|
English
|
Queen Anne's friend, she was very skilled at court intrigue.
|
1
|
|
Maslow, Abraham
|
(1908-1970)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Masters, William
|
(1915- )
|
|
|
2
|
|
Mata Hari
|
(1876-1917)
|
Dutch-French
|
Spy. She had lovers in high places, secretly collected information for the Germans during World War II, and was executed.
|
1
|
|
Mather, Cotton
|
(1663-1728)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Mather, Increase
|
(1639-1723)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Matthiessen, Peter
|
(1927- )
|
|
|
2
|
|
Maurice, Frederick
|
(1805-72)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Mayer, Louis
|
(1885-1957)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Mayhew, Henry
|
(1812-87)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Mazarin, Jules
|
(1602-61)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Mazzini, Giuseppe
|
(1805-1872)
|
Italian
|
Political leader. He wanted the newly united Italy to be a republic.
|
1
|
|
McAuley, Catherine
|
(1787-1841)
|
|
|
1
|
|
McCaig, Donald
|
( )
|
|
|
1
|
|
McCarthy, Joseph
|
(1909-57)
|
|
|
2
|
|