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Howe, Samuel
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(1801-1876)
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American
|
Husband of Julia Ward Howe. He assisted Greek and Polish freedom fighters, struggled to end slavery and reform prisons, founded the Perkins School for the Blind, and also tried to help educate other handicapped youths.
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1
|
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Hu Shih
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(1891-1962)
|
|
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1
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Hubbard, Elbert
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(1856-1915)
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American
|
Community organizer. He founded the Roycrofters, an intentional community dedicated to producing furniture and other craft objects.
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1
|
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Hubbard, Ron
|
(1911-86)
|
|
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1
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Hudson, W. H.
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(1841-1922)
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|
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1
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Hughes, Howard
|
(1905-1976)
|
American
|
Business leader. He was heir to a machine tool fortune, but also started an aircraft production company and produced and directed films. He liked to fly fast as well as date actresses and led a colorful life but eventually became a celebrated recluse living atop his gambling casinos in Las Vegas and limiting visitors because of the germs they might carry. Much of his fortune eventually funded medical research.
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1
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Hugo, Victor
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(1802-1885)
|
|
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1
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Hull, Clark
|
(1884-1952)
|
|
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1
|
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Hull, Cordell
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(1871-1955)
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|
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1
|
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Hume, David
|
(1711-1776)
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|
|
3
|
|
Humphrey, Hubert
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(1911-1978)
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American
|
Vice-president. He was a politician who really cared about ordinary people.
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1
|
|
Hunt, Henry
|
(1773-1835)
|
|
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1
|
|
Hussein, Saddam
|
(1937- )
|
Iraqi
|
President. He acquired a murderous reputation, slaughtering Shiites and Kurds within Iraq and torturing and killing opponents of his regime. He also recklessly and unsuccessfully attacked Iran and Kuwait. After the attack by terrorists on the Twin Towers in New York, he characteristically failed to appreciate the need to reassure the U.S. that he would not arm terrorists and, failing to do so, was overthrown by U.S. forces.
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1
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Husserl, Edmund
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(1859-1938)
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|
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1
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Hutcheson, Francis
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(1694-1746)
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|
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2
|
|
Hutchinson, Anne
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(1591-1643)
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English
|
Religious leader, pioneer. An emigrant from England to the Massachusetts Colony, her emphasis on salvation by grace alone led to her banishment. She set up a utopian community in Rhode Island, then moved to New York where she and her family were murdered by Indians.
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1
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Hutten, Ulrich von
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(1488-1523)
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|
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1
|
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Huxley, Aldous
|
(1894-1963)
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|
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2
|
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Hyacinthe, Pere
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(1827-1912)
|
|
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1
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Hypatia
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(c.375-415)
|
|
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1
|
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Ibarruri, Dolores (La Pasionaria)
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(1895-1989)
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Spanish
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Broadcaster. Her famous and effective broadcasts during the Spanish Civil War against the fascists led by Franco led to her nickname La Pasionaria. She outlived Franco and served in the Spanish parliament as a Communist.
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1
|
|
Ibn Khaldun
|
(1332-1406)
|
Tunisian
|
Writer, historian, and social thinker. He wrote an important history of the Arabs.
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1
|
|
Ibsen, Henrik
|
(1828-1906)
|
|
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1
|
|
Ichikawa, Fusaye
|
(1893-1981)
|
|
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1
|
|
Imhotep
|
(f1.27th-c BC)
|
Egyptian
|
Physician. He was one of the earliest doctors known to history and was considered a wise man as well.
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1
|
|
Inglis, Elsie
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(1864-1917)
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Indian
|
Doctor. She was also a feminist, battled for the woman's right to vote, and established an all women's maternity hospital.
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1
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Innis, Roy
|
(1934- )
|
|
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1
|
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Innocent III
|
(1160-1216)
|
|
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1
|
|
Iqbal, Sir Mohammed
|
(1875-1938)
|
Pakistani
|
Poet. He supported the creation of a separate Muslim state on the Indian sub-continent, which eventually emerged as Pakistan.
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1
|
|
Irenaeus, St.
|
(c.130-c.200)
|
|
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1
|
|
Irene
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(752-803)
|
|
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1
|
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Irving, Washington
|
(1783-1859)
|
|
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1
|
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Isaac
|
( )
|
|
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1
|
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Isaiah
|
(8th-c Bc)
|
|
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1
|
|
Isherwood, Christopher
|
(1904-1986)
|
|
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1
|
|
Ishmael
|
|
Biblical
|
Biblical son of Abraham, Bedouin ancestor, Progenitor. The son of Abraham by Hagar, he is popularly described as the forebear of the Arabs.
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1
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Islam, Kazi
|
(1899-1976)
|
|
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1
|
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Isocrates
|
(436-338 BCE)
|
Greek
|
Orator. He taught and propagated the art of persuasion.
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1
|
|
Ivan IV (The Terrible)
|
(1530-1584)
|
Russian
|
Emperor. He became the first czar, or emperor, of Russia, and held the boyars, the nobles, in check through violence.
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2
|
|
Jack the Ripper
|
(1888)
|
English
|
Murderer.
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1
|
|
Jackson, Andrew
|
(1767-1845)
|
American
|
General, president. He believed in limited government and state's rights, but historians argue over his legacy.
|
1
|
|
Jackson, Helen
|
(1830-1885)
|
American
|
Fiction and non-fiction writer. She sought redress for the poor treatment of American Indians.
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1
|
|
Jackson, Jesse
|
(1941- )
|
|
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1
|
|
Jackson, Mahalia
|
(1911-1972)
|
American
|
Singer. She was especially noted for combining gospel and blues.
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1
|
|
Jackson, Thomas "Stonewall"
|
(1824-1863)
|
American
|
Confederate general. He became an exemplar of perseverance and bravery and brains in the face of unfavorable odds.
|
1
|
|
Jacob
|
( )
|
|
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1
|
|
Jagger, Mick
|
(1943- )
|
English
|
Rock singer. He was a self-professed "bad boy."
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1
|
|
Jahn, Frederick
|
(1778-1852)
|
German
|
Trainer. He taught exercise classes and designed training equipment that is now commonplace.
|
1
|
|
Jaimini
|
(c.200 BC)
|
Indian
|
Founder of the Purva-Mimamsa school of Hindu philosophy. Thinker. He wrote the Mimamsa Sutra, which became the basis of Purva-Mimamsa, one of the six classical schools of Hinduism. Purva-Mimamsa has its own logical system, draws heavily on the Vedas (ancient texts), and is especially noted for its emphasis on duty.
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1
|
|
Jalal ad-Din ar-Rumi
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(1207-1273)
|
Afghan-Persian
|
Poet. His poetry is considered a leading Sufi text, but is popular outside Islam as well. Some of his followers eventually became known as the Whirling Dervishes.
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2
|
|
James I
|
(1566-1625)
|
|
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1
|
|
James, Henry
|
(1843-1916)
|
|
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1
|
|
James, Jesse
|
(1847-1882)
|
American
|
Outlaw.
|
1
|
|
James, William
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(1842-1910)
|
|
|
3
|
|
Janet, Pierre
|
(1859-1947)
|
|
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2
|
|
Jansen, Cornelius
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(1585-1638)
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|
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2
|
|
Jansky, Karl
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(1905-50)
|
|
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1
|
|
Janszoon, Laurens
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(c.1370-c.1440)
|
|
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1
|
|
Jarry, Alfred
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(1873-1907)
|
|
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2
|
|
Jaspers, Karl
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(1883-1969)
|
|
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1
|
|
Jaures, Jean
|
(1859-1914)
|
French
|
Politician. He became a leader of European Socialism.
|
1
|
|
Jean de Meung
|
(c.1250-1305)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Jefferson, Thomas
|
(1743-1826)
|
American
|
President. On his tombstone, he described himself as author of the Declaration of Independence, of the Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom, and founder of the University of Virginia. He was also a founding father of the U.S., a political philosopher, and a champion of human rights. Critics have said that he was ambitious and opportunistic as a politician, inconsistent (opposing debt while running up vast personal debts, opposing slavery but keeping slaves, etc.), and something of a sybarite, unable to stop importing fine European wines and goods even at the cost of impoverishing his daughters.
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3
|
|
Jenkins, David
|
(1925- )
|
|
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1
|
|
Jenner, Edward
|
(1749-1823)
|
|
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1
|
|
Jeremiah
|
(7th-C BC)
|
|
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1
|
|
Jerome of Prague
|
(c.1365-1416)
|
|
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1
|
|
Jerome, St.
|
(c.342-420)
|
|
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2
|
|
Jesus Christ
|
(c.6/5 BCE-c.30/33)
|
|
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3
|
|
Jex-Blake, Sophia
|
(1840-1912)
|
English
|
Doctor. She battled to have her medical degree validated and also founded a medical school for women.
|
1
|
|
Jezebel
|
(?-c.843 BC)
|
Phoenician
|
Princess. She brought foreign ways to Israel when she married King Ahab, especially the worship of Baal but also cosmetics (she is described as a painted woman). The prophet Elija denounced all this and she was eventually killed.
|
2
|
|
Jiang Jieshi (chiang kai-shek)
|
(1887-1975)
|
Chinese
|
General and political leader. He became the arch opponent of the Chinese Communists.
|
1
|
|
Jiang Qing
|
(1914-1991)
|
Chinese
|
Wife of Mao Zedong. She was a radical Communist and led the Cultural Revolution.
|
1
|
|
Jinnah, Muhammad Ali
|
(1876-1948)
|
Indian
|
Father of Pakistan. He advocated, and succeeded in creating a separate Muslim state in what had been British India.
|
1
|
|
Joachim of Fiore
|
(c.1135-1202)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Joan of Arc, St.
|
(c.1412-1431)
|
French
|
Savior of her king and country. While still an adolescent, she acted on inner voices commanding her to save France from English forces. Remarkably, she succeeded in rallying the dispirited French forces, beating back the English, and leading the uncertain French heir to the throne to be crowned at the Reims Cathedral. She was then captured by the English and burned as a witch. The Roman Catholic Church canonized her in 1920.
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2
|
|
Johanan ben Zakkai, Rabban
|
(1st-c)
|
|
|
1
|
|
John
|
(1167-1216)
|
English
|
King. The brother of Richard the Lion-Hearted, his evil ways were chronicled in the Robin Hood tales, and eventually led to his forced signing of the Magna Carta, guaranteeing some rights.
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1
|
|
John of Gaunt
|
(1340-99)
|
|
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1
|
|
John of Leyden
|
(1509-36)
|
|
|
1
|
|
John of the Cross, St.
|
(1542-91)
|
|
|
2
|
|
John Paul II
|
(1912-78)
|
|
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2
|
|
John the Baptist, St.
|
(1st-c)
|
|
|
1
|
|
John XXIII
|
(1881-1963)
|
|
|
1
|
|
John, Elton
|
(1947- )
|
English
|
Singer, pianist. He exemplified a kindly bohemianism.
|
1
|
|
John, St.
|
(1st-c)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Johnson, Andrew
|
(1808-1875)
|
American
|
President. He displayed courage in opposing vengeance against the defeated South after the American Civil War.
|
1
|
|
Johnson, Hewlett
|
(1874-1966)
|
English
|
Anglican priest. He was Dean of the Canterbury Cathedral and was nicknamed the "Red Dean" because of his support for Communism and for the Soviet Union.
|
1
|
|
Johnson, Lyndon
|
(1908-1973)
|
American
|
President. It was said that he completed Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal by passing a raft of social welfare legislation, including the Medicare Program, as well as major civil rights legislation intended to protect racial minorities. He lost support, however, as the Vietnam War deepened and left office a defeated and broken man.
|
2
|
|
Johnson, Philip
|
(1906-2005)
|
American
|
Architect. He was a leader of modernism, and is perhaps best known for his Connecticut "glass house," a country retreat where he lived on weekends for much of his life.
|
1
|
|
Johnson, Samuel
|
(1709-1784)
|
English
|
Lexicographer, critic, poet. Champion of the English language. A famous wit who enjoyed good conversation as well as a hard-working scholar, he produced a ground-breaking Dictionary of the English Language.
|
1
|
|
Johnson, Virginia
|
(1925- )
|
American
|
Sexuality researcher. Along with her partner and later husband William Masters, she tried to study sexual practices objectively and to develop therapies for sexual problems such as premature ejaculation.
|
2
|
|
Joinville, Jean
|
(c.1224-1317)
|
French
|
He is the primary source on the remarkable life of Louis IX, King of France, known as St. Louis. (See St. Louis.)
|
1
|
|
Jolson, AI
|
(1886-1950)
|
Russian-American
|
Actor, singer. He was a master and interpreter of sentiment.
|
1
|
|
Jonathan
|
(c.11th-c BC)
|
Biblical
|
Biblical figure. He refused to abandon his close friend David despite his father King Saul's hostility to him and the threat posed to his succession. In the end, he was killed in battle with the Philistines along with his father.
|
1
|
|
Jones, Bob
|
(1883-1968)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Jones, Ernest
|
(1879-1958)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Jones, John Paul
|
(1747-1792)
|
American
|
Naval officer. He refused to surrender and came to exemplify an indomitable spirit.
|
1
|
|
Jones, Mary
|
(1830-1930)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Jones, Sir William
|
(1746-1794)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Joseph
|
|
Biblical
|
Biblical figure. His character is tested and formed as he is sold into slavery by jealous brothers and falsely accused by his owner's wife. But he becomes the vizier of Egypt, forgives his brothers, and saves both Egypt and his family from starvation.
|
2
|
|