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Douglass, Frederick
|
(c.1817-95)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Doyle, Sir Arthur
|
(1859-1930)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Draco
|
(7th-c BCE)
|
Greek
|
Athenian archon. His Athenian laws were so severe they inspired the term "draconian."
|
1
|
|
Drake, Sir Francis
|
(c.1540-96)
|
English
|
Navigator. He circumnavigated the world, brought back immense treasure to Queen Elizabeth, and helped defend England from the Spanish Armada.
|
2
|
|
Dreyfus, Alfred
|
(c.1859-1935)
|
French
|
Army officer. He was falsely accused of spying for Germany and imprisoned, which many attributed to his being Jewish, but was eventually vindicated.
|
1
|
|
Droste-Hulshoff, Annette
|
(1797-1848)
|
|
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1
|
|
Du Bois, W. E.
|
(1868-1963)
|
American
|
Author and speaker. He was also a founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and a civil rights activist.
|
1
|
|
Du Fu
|
(712-770)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Dub cek, Alexander
|
(1921-1992)
|
Czechoslovakian
|
Political leader. A Communist liberalizer, he led the Czechs during the "thaw" of 1968, which was put down by the Soviets.
|
1
|
|
Dunant, Henri
|
(1828-1910)
|
Swiss
|
Philanthropist. He was a moving force behind the formation of the Red Cross and the Geneva Convention.
|
1
|
|
Duncan, Andrew
|
(1744-1828)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Duncan, Isadora
|
(1877-1927)
|
American
|
Dancer and choreographer. She was also a feminist and a free spirit unbound by conventions.
|
1
|
|
Duns Scotus, Johannes
|
(c.1265-1308)
|
Scottish
|
Theologian. He was a master of logic and of argument.
|
1
|
|
Durkheim, Emile
|
(1858-1917)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Durrell, Lawrence
|
(1912-1990)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Duval, Claude
|
(1643-1670)
|
French
|
Bandit. Although admired for his courtesy toward women, he was hanged.
|
1
|
|
Dylan, Bob
|
(1941- )
|
American
|
Folk-singer and songwriter. He came to epitomize a set of "counter-culture" values in 1960's and 1970's America.
|
2
|
|
Dzerzhinsky, Felix
|
(1877-1926)
|
Russian
|
Head of Soviet secret police under Lenin.
|
1
|
|
Eckhart, Johannes (Meister Eckhart)
|
(c.1260-1327)
|
German
|
Author. He was an important mystic whose work was eventually condemned by the Roman Catholic Church.
|
3
|
|
Eddy, Mary Baker
|
(1821-1910)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Edison, Thomas
|
(1847-1931)
|
American
|
Inventor. He was one of the most prolific inventors in history, but is especially remembered for the electric light bulb. His career exemplified the power of one curious human mind to change everyone's life and also, to many people, the hope and promise of progress.
|
1
|
|
Edward IV
|
(1442-1483)
|
English
|
King. His return to England from exile was an act of great courage.
|
1
|
|
Edwards, Jonathan
|
(1709-58)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Ehrlich, Paul
|
(1932- )
|
Polish
|
Entomologist and ecologist. An expert on insects, he became a public spokesman for environmental causes and especially for population control.
|
1
|
|
Einstein, Albert
|
(1879-1955)
|
German-American
|
Physicist. He became world famous for his theory of relativity while in Germany, but moved to the United States because of Hitler. His moral thought was evocative of Buddhism, with its avoidance of metaphysics and personal desire, and he was generally sympathetic with socialist and pacifist ideas.
|
2
|
|
Elijah
|
(9th-c BC)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Eliot,T.S.
|
(1888-1965)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Elisha
|
(2nd half of 9th-c Bc)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Elizabeth
|
(1900- )
|
|
|
1
|
|
Elizabeth I
|
(1533-1603)
|
English
|
Queen. She became a symbol of courage, endurance, and brains.
|
1
|
|
Ellis, Albert
|
( )
|
|
|
1
|
|
Ellis, Havelock
|
(1859-1939)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Elyot, Sir Thomas
|
(c.1490-1546)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Emecheta, Buchi
|
(1944- )
|
Nigerian
|
Novelist. She described the wretched treatment of women.
|
1
|
|
Emerson, Ralph Waldo
|
(1803-1882)
|
American
|
Author and lecturer. A failed Unitarian minister, he became a kind of secular preacher, and developed a wide audience. His "transcendental" philosophy is usually called "idealist," but is not Kantian. In moral philosophy, he was a romantic individualist and emphasized self-reliance, the title of a famous essay.
|
1
|
|
Engels, Friedrich
|
(1820-1895)
|
German
|
Author and political activist. He co-authored the Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx and otherwise assisted Marx and Marxism.
|
2
|
|
Engler, Adolf
|
(1844-1930)
|
German
|
Botanist. He was a plant classifier and thus combined a love of logic with a love of nature.
|
1
|
|
Epictetus
|
(c.50-c.130)
|
|
|
3
|
|
Epicurus
|
(c.341-270 BCE)
|
|
|
3
|
|
Erasmus, Desiderius
|
(1466-1536)
|
Dutch
|
Scholar. He is considered a founder of Western humanism, but he also provided the first English version of the New Testament.
|
2
|
|
Erastus, Thomas
|
(1524-83)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Erigena, John Scotus
|
(c.810-c.877)
|
Irish
|
Theologian. He was a Christian Neoplatonist, a combination which brought his work condemnation by the Roman Catholic Church.
|
2
|
|
Erskine, John
|
(1879-1951)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Esperanto, Doktoro (Zamenhof, Lejzer Ludwig)
|
(1859-1917)
|
Polish
|
Doctor and philologist. He sought to bring peace to the world by creating a common, international language, which led to Esperanto.
|
1
|
|
Etzioni, Amitai
|
(1929- )
|
|
|
1
|
|
Eucken, Rudolf
|
(1846-1926)
|
German
|
Philosopher. He found flaws in philosophical naturalism and socialism, was much concerned with ethics, with action, and with philosophy as a practical guide to life.
|
1
|
|
Eulenspiel, Til
|
|
German
|
Legendary Medieval character. He was an always amusing trickster and swindler.
|
3
|
|
Euripides
|
(c.480-406 BCE)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Eusebius of Caesarea
|
(c.264-340)
|
Palestinian
|
He chronicled early Christianity.
|
1
|
|
Eusebius of Nicomedia
|
(?-c.342)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Eutyches
|
(c.375-c.454)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Evans, Walker
|
(1903-1975)
|
American
|
Photographer. He was especially well known for his photos of American poverty in the rural South.
|
1
|
|
Evelyn, John
|
(1620-1706)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Evlenspiel, Til
|
|
German
|
|
3
|
|
Ezekiel
|
(early 6th-C Bc)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Ezra the Scribe
|
(5th -4th-c Bc)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Fabius Maximus, Quintus
|
(c.260-203 BCE)
|
Roman
|
General. He succeeded in wearing down Hannibal by being cautious, patient and avoiding battle.
|
2
|
|
Faithfull, Emily
|
(1835-95)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Falk, Johann
|
(1768-1826)
|
Polish
|
Writer and donor. He established the "Company of Friends in Need" for homeless children.
|
1
|
|
Falwell, Jerry
|
(1933-2007 )
|
American
|
Evangelist. A "Bible-believing" Baptist pastor, he felt that people of faith needed to become much more active in politics, which led to his founding The Moral Majority. He also founded Liberty University as a protest against what he considered the anti-religious, left-wing, and immoral drift of American higher education.
|
1
|
|
Farrakhan, Louis
|
(1933- )
|
|
|
2
|
|
Fassbinder, Rainer
|
(1946-1982)
|
German
|
Film director. He provided a model of the film director as political and social critic.
|
1
|
|
Fatima
|
(c.605-33)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Faulkner, William
|
(1897-1962)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Fawcett, Dame Millicent
|
(1847-1929)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Fawkes, Guy
|
(1570-1606)
|
English
|
Political figure. Faithful to Catholicism, he plotted against the government and was hanged.
|
1
|
|
Faxian
|
(c.360-c.430)
|
Chinese
|
Traveler. A Buddhist monk, he visited Central Asia, Southeast Asia, and India, and left a written account.
|
1
|
|
Fechner, Gustav
|
(1801-1887)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Fellini, Federico
|
(1920-1993)
|
Italian
|
Film director. He was a master of fantasy and surrealism.
|
1
|
|
Fenelon, Francois
|
(1651-1715)
|
Roman
|
Roman Catholic archbishop. A tutor of Louis XIV's grandson, he got in trouble with the Court by espousing reforms and in even more trouble with the Church for defending Madame Guyon, a celebrated mystic.
|
1
|
|
Ferguson, Adam
|
(1723-1816)
|
Scottish
|
Philosopher. A professor of moral philosophy at the University of Edinburg and a member of the "Common Sense" school, he tried to organize an ethical system around the concept of "perfection" (as opposed to the then more current concept of "benevolence").
|
2
|
|
Ferlinghetti, Lawrence
|
(1919- )
|
|
|
1
|
|
Fermor, Patrick
|
(1915- )
|
|
|
1
|
|
Ferrar, Nicholas
|
(1592-1637)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Feuerbach, Ludwig
|
(1804-1872)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Feydeau, Georges
|
(1862-1921)
|
|
|
2
|
|
Fichte, Johann
|
(1762-1814)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Ficino, Marsilio
|
(1433-1499)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Fielding, Henry
|
(1907-1954)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Fields, W. C.
|
(1879-1946)
|
American
|
Actor. He exemplified comic absurdity.
|
1
|
|
Finnbogadottir, Vigdis
|
(1930- )
|
Icelandic
|
President. She became the first woman elected as head of state in the world.
|
1
|
|
Firbank, Ronald
|
(1886-1926)
|
|
|
1
|
|
First, Ruth
|
(1925-1982)
|
South African
|
Political figure. A white South African who opposed the apartheid regime, she was murdered.
|
1
|
|
Fishbein, Morris
|
(1889-1976)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Fisher, Dorothy
|
(1879-1958)
|
American
|
Educational activist and author. She helped bring Montessori schools to the U.S. (see Montessori, Maria).
|
1
|
|
Fitzgerald, Edward
|
(1809-1883)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Fitzgerald, F. Scott
|
(1896-1940)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Flanders, Michael
|
(1922-1975)
|
English
|
Songwriter, singer. He was a master of silliness.
|
1
|
|
Flaubert, Gustave
|
(1821-1880)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Fleming, Ian
|
(1908-1964)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Fludd, Robert
|
(1574-1637)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley
|
(1890-1964)
|
American
|
Radical activist. She began as a labor organizer and leader, helped found the American Civil Liberties Union in 1920, became a Communist in 1936, and was imprisoned in the 1950's for sedition.
|
1
|
|
Flynn, Errol
|
(1909-1959)
|
Australian
|
Actor. He became a symbol of adventure, derring-do, and, through his personal life, unrestrained appetites
|
2
|
|
Fokine, Michel
|
(1880-1942)
|
Russian
|
Dancer, choreographer. He was a creator of modern dance.
Dance choreographer. He was a lead choreographer for the Ballet Russes, which brought modernism, albeit a colorful and romantic modernism, to dance. He continued work after leaving the Company.
|
1
|
|
Fonda, Jane
|
(1937- )
|
American
|
Actress. She came to represent the actress as political protester.
|
1
|
|
Fontenelle, Bernard
|
(1657-1757)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Ford, Henry
|
(1863-1947)
|
American
|
Entrepreneur. In addition to pioneering mass production techniques, he wanted average people to be able to afford his cars, and paid his employees high wages.
|
1
|
|
Foreman, George
|
(1948- )
|
American
|
Prizefighter. He held the heavyweight title twice. The second time, he returned to the ring in order to earn more money to support his work with needy children.
|
1
|
|
Forrest, Nathan
|
(1821-1877)
|
American
|
Confederate military leader. If his guerilla tactics had been more widely adopted, the South might have won the U.S. Civil War.
|
1
|
|
Forrestal, James
|
(1892-1949)
|
American
|
First U.S. secretary of defense. He helped shape Cold War policy, but committed suicide.
|
1
|
|
Forrester, Jay
|
(1918- )
|
|
|
1
|
|